Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

fundamental sciences

  • 1 fundamental sciences

    Politics english-russian dictionary > fundamental sciences

  • 2 fundamental sciences

    Англо-русский словарь по исследованиям и ноу-хау > fundamental sciences

  • 3 IOC Olympic prize for excellence in sport sciences

    1. Олимпийский приз МОК за превосходство в спортивных науках

     

    Олимпийский приз МОК за превосходство в спортивных науках
    Присуждаемый с 1996 года приз вручаетсякаждые два года по случаю Олимпийских игр. Этот приз был учрежден по настоянию Медицинской комиссии МОК и при финансовой поддержке фармацевтической компании«Parke Davis». Приз присуждается за важную работу, выполненную в области фундаментальных и прикладных исследований с долгосрочной целью оказывать поддержку наукам, имеющим отношение к движениям, упражнениям и спорту. Отдельные лица или организации, специализирующиеся в таких науках, как биология, медицина, физика, психология, и добившиеся значительных результатов в области медицины и спорта, могут претендовать на приз. Критериями, предъявляемыми экспертным международным жюри, являются качество, оригинальность и исключительность заявленных исследований. Приз, спонсируемый «Parke Davis» в размере 250 000 долларов США, вручается вместе с медалью и дипломом.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    IOC Olympic prize for excellence in sport sciences
    Presented for the first time in 1996 this prize is awarded every two years on the occasion of the Olympic Games. The IOC instituted this prize at the instigation of its Medical Commission with the generous support of the pharmaceutical company Parke Davis. It is awarded for important work carried out in the field of fundamental or applied research, with the long-term objective of supporting and encouraging science applied to human movement, exercise and sport. Individuals or organizations specializing in biological, medical, physical and psychological sciences who have done significant work in the fields of medicine and sports sciences may be eligible to receive this prize. The criteria applied by the expert international jury are the quality, originality and excellence of the research submitted. The award, endowed by Parke Davis with a sum of US$ 250,000, is accompanied by a medal and a diploma.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > IOC Olympic prize for excellence in sport sciences

  • 4 фундаментальные науки

    Русско-английский политический словарь > фундаментальные науки

  • 5 science

    n
    - allied sciences
    - applied science
    - calling for science
    - Christian Science
    - creation science
    - cutting-edge science
    - doctor of science
    - economic science
    - exact science
    - fundamental sciences
    - historical sciences
    - information science
    - life sciences
    - man of science
    - march of science
    - military science
    - natural science
    - occult sciences
    - physical sciences
    - political science
    - related sciences
    - Sc. D.
    - shrine of science
    - social science
    - specialized science
    - technical sciences
    - theoretical sciences

    Politics english-russian dictionary > science

  • 6 фундаментальная наука

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > фундаментальная наука

  • 7 fondamental

    c black fondamental, e (masculine plural - aux) [fɔ̃damɑ̃tal, o]
    adjective
    fundamental ; [vocabulaire] basic ; [couleurs] primary
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec - un- au début.
    * * *
    fondamentale, mpl - aux fɔ̃damɑ̃tal, o adjectif
    1) ( essentiel) [droit, question, différence, élément] basic; [objectif, besoin, idée, raison, vocabulaire] basic; [cause, changement, conflit, importance, rôle] fundamental; [atout] crucial

    libertés fondamentales — basic liberties, fundamental freedoms

    2) Musique [note] fundamental
    * * *
    fɔ̃damɑ̃tal, o fondamental, -e
    fondamentaux mpl adj
    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( essentiel) [droit, question, différence, élément, principe] basic, fundamental; [objectif, besoin, idée, raison] basic; [cause, changement, conflit, importance, rôle] fundamental; [atout] crucial; libertés fondamentales basic liberties, fundamental freedoms; ce qui est fondamental c'est que the essential is that;
    2 Mus [note] fundamental;
    3 Ling ( vocabulaire) basic; français/anglais fondamental basic French/English.
    B fondamentaux nmpl Écon criteria for fundamental analysis.
    ( féminin fondamentale, pluriel masculin fondamentaux) [fɔ̃damɑ̃tal, o] adjectif
    la recherche fondamentale basic ou fundamental research
    2. [de base] elementary, basic
    3. [important] fundamental, essential, crucial
    4. PHYSIQUE [niveau] fundamental

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > fondamental

  • 8 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 9 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 10 science

    [ʹsaıəns] n
    1. наука

    applied [fundamental] science - прикладная [фундаментальная] наука

    man of science - учёный; человек науки

    to reduce smth. to a science - превратить что-л. в науку

    to apply science to farming - внедрить научные методы в сельское хозяйство

    2. собир. естественные науки (тж. natural sciences, physical sciences)

    physics, chemistry and other sciences - физика, химия и другие естественные науки

    science master, science teacher - учитель физики, химии, биологии и т. п.

    3. (Science) = Christian Science
    4. спорт.
    1) тренированность
    2) высокий класс, мастерство
    3) техничность
    5. арх. знание; познание

    ♢ the science of self-defence - бокс; самбо

    the noble science (of defence) - шутл. а) бокс; б) фехтование

    НБАРС > science

  • 11 agrupar

    v.
    1 to group (together).
    Ricardo agrupa las flores rojas Richard groups red flowers.
    María agrupa a las chicas Mary groups the girls.
    2 to consolidate.
    El sufrimiento agrupa a las personas Suffering consolidates people.
    3 to join together, to herd together, to cluster together, to crowd together.
    Ricardo agrupa a los cadetes Richard joins the cadets together.
    * * *
    1 to group, put into groups
    1 to group together, form a group
    2 (asociarse) to associate
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=reunir en grupo) to group, group together; [+ gente, datos etc] to gather, assemble; (=amontonar) to crowd together
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put... into groups, to group
    b) ( reunir) <organizaciones/partidos> to bring together
    2.
    agruparse v pron
    a) ( formar un grupo) niños/policías to gather; partidos to come together
    b) ( dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *
    = bring together, categorise [categorize, -USA], draw together, fall into, group, group together, merge, pull together, put together, stack, encapsulate, coalesce, lump together, juxtapose, stand + together, pool, band, shuffle together.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.
    Ex. The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    Ex. References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex. There are a number of types of abstracts which will be grouped under the term 'mini-abstracts'.
    Ex. Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex. During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex. Cards are filed in drawers, approximately 1000 cards per drawer, which when stacked together may form a catalogue cabinet.
    Ex. The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex. Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex. He also lumps himself and librarians together as 'devoted and in some instances veteran pursuers, preservers, and disseminators of truth'.
    Ex. We might consider that the key term, the one on which the others depend and which will juxtapose the document most usefully with others of a like kind, is Home Office.
    Ex. For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    ----
    * agrupar los términos sinónimos = merge + synonyms.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * agruparse = band together, cluster, team, partner.
    * agruparse (con) = team up (with).
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put... into groups, to group
    b) ( reunir) <organizaciones/partidos> to bring together
    2.
    agruparse v pron
    a) ( formar un grupo) niños/policías to gather; partidos to come together
    b) ( dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *
    = bring together, categorise [categorize, -USA], draw together, fall into, group, group together, merge, pull together, put together, stack, encapsulate, coalesce, lump together, juxtapose, stand + together, pool, band, shuffle together.

    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.

    Ex: It is widely recognised that it is difficult and unhelpful to categorise fiction according to a subject classification = Es un hecho ampliamente reconocido la dificultad y la poca utilidad de clasificar la literatura narrativa de acuerdo con una clasificación por materias.
    Ex: The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    Ex: References will also be necessary, and will fall into the same types as those identified for personal authors, that is, 'see', 'see also', and explanatory references.
    Ex: There are a number of types of abstracts which will be grouped under the term 'mini-abstracts'.
    Ex: Some schools favor subject arrangement, other group together everything by publisher, and others sort everything out according to a theme.
    Ex: During the construction of a thesaurus, the computer can be enlisted to sort, merge, edit and compare terms.
    Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex: Cards are filed in drawers, approximately 1000 cards per drawer, which when stacked together may form a catalogue cabinet.
    Ex: The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex: Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex: He also lumps himself and librarians together as 'devoted and in some instances veteran pursuers, preservers, and disseminators of truth'.
    Ex: We might consider that the key term, the one on which the others depend and which will juxtapose the document most usefully with others of a like kind, is Home Office.
    Ex: For instance, in reproduction of Renoir's work under the subject IMPRESSIONISM, Renoir's works would not stand together in the catalog but be spread out according to their titles.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: This volume is in fact three books shuffled together under one luscious cover, unfurling as a fantasia on technique that explores, among other things, Mau's riffs on modernism.
    * agrupar los términos sinónimos = merge + synonyms.
    * agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.
    * agruparse = band together, cluster, team, partner.
    * agruparse (con) = team up (with).

    * * *
    agrupar [A1 ]
    vt
    agruparon a los niños por edades they divided o put the children into groups according to their ages
    agrupa esos libros por autores group those books by author
    la coalición agrupa a siete partidos distintos the coalition is made up of seven different parties
    agrupó a varias organizaciones ecologistas it brought together several ecologist groups
    1 (formar un grupo) «niños/policías» to gather, form a group; «partidos» to come together, join forces
    2 (dividirse en grupos) to get into groups
    * * *

     

    agrupar ( conjugate agrupar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( formar grupos) to put … into groups, to group

    b) ( reunir) ‹organizaciones/partidos› to bring together

    agruparse verbo pronominal
    a) ( formar un grupo) [niños/policías] to gather;

    [ partidos] to come together

    agrupar verbo transitivo to group
    ' agrupar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aunar
    English:
    bracket
    - group
    - lump
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    to group (together);
    la red agrupa a veinte emisoras locales the network brings together o is made up of twenty local radio stations;
    la guía agrupa toda la información disponible sobre el tema the guide brings together all the available information on the subject;
    una asociación que agrupa a más de 10.000 médicos an association of more than 10,000 doctors
    * * *
    v/t group, put into groups
    * * *
    : to group together
    * * *
    agrupar vb to put into groups [pt. & pp. put]

    Spanish-English dictionary > agrupar

  • 12 hábilmente

    adv.
    skillfully, ably, adroitly, adeptly.
    * * *
    1 skilfully (US skillfully)
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=diestramente) skilfully, skillfully (EEUU)
    2) (=capazmente) ably, expertly
    3) (=inteligentemente) cleverly, smartly
    4) pey (=con argucias) cunningly
    * * *
    = skilfully [skillfully, -USA], cunningly, capably, expertly, expertly, shrewdly, nimbly, handsomely, cleverly.
    Ex. But may, unless skilfully exploited and designed, lead to bulky catalogues which are difficult to read.
    Ex. In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex. Many students and professionals in the health sciences are unable to capably use the biomedical indexing and abstracting tools.
    Ex. The punch-cutters copied each other expertly = Los fundidores de tipos se copiaban hábilmente los unos a los otros.
    Ex. The punch-cutters copied each other expertly = Los fundidores de tipos se copiaban hábilmente los unos a los otros.
    Ex. Libraries will have to select shrewdly a complement of formats that address the varying uses library patrons have for information.
    Ex. The author identifies fundamental attitudes necessary for information professionals to navigate ' nimbly' in a fast changing environment.
    Ex. The book is handsomely illustrated with the linking narrative and captions serving as background information.
    Ex. She argues - cleverly but unconvincingly - that environmental concerns can develop only out of economic comfort, & that curbing economic growth is not compatible with preserving the environment.
    * * *
    = skilfully [skillfully, -USA], cunningly, capably, expertly, expertly, shrewdly, nimbly, handsomely, cleverly.

    Ex: But may, unless skilfully exploited and designed, lead to bulky catalogues which are difficult to read.

    Ex: In this sense this book is reminiscent of the cunningly drawn pictures of our youth.
    Ex: Many students and professionals in the health sciences are unable to capably use the biomedical indexing and abstracting tools.
    Ex: The punch-cutters copied each other expertly = Los fundidores de tipos se copiaban hábilmente los unos a los otros.
    Ex: The punch-cutters copied each other expertly = Los fundidores de tipos se copiaban hábilmente los unos a los otros.
    Ex: Libraries will have to select shrewdly a complement of formats that address the varying uses library patrons have for information.
    Ex: The author identifies fundamental attitudes necessary for information professionals to navigate ' nimbly' in a fast changing environment.
    Ex: The book is handsomely illustrated with the linking narrative and captions serving as background information.
    Ex: She argues - cleverly but unconvincingly - that environmental concerns can develop only out of economic comfort, & that curbing economic growth is not compatible with preserving the environment.

    * * *
    cleverly, skillfully*
    * * *
    skilfully
    * * *
    : skillfully, expertly

    Spanish-English dictionary > hábilmente

  • 13 informática

    adj.&f.
    feminine of INFORMÁTICO.
    f.
    information technology, computer science, data processing, informatics.
    * * *
    1 computer science, computing
    * * *
    informático
    * * *
    femenino computer science, computing
    * * *
    = computer science, computing science, computing, computing field.
    Ex. The subject is an interdisciplinary one, with connections with computer science, the new media and the humanities and sciences generally.
    Ex. Although still wide, this definition excluded programmes in the computing science and information technology field designed for technologists.
    Ex. Developments in computing and telecommunication have brought about fundamental changes in worldwide business practices.
    Ex. The author summarises the subject coverage of the computing field, sources abstracted/indexed, content of the records and indexing practice.
    ----
    * acreditación en informática = computer driving licence.
    * acreditación europea en informática = European computer driving licence (ECDL).
    * aficionado a la informática = computer buff.
    * alfabetización en informática = computer literacy.
    * amante de la informática = computer buff.
    * aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.
    * chiflado de la informática = computer geek.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * conocimiento básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.
    * en la sala de informática = lab based [lab-based].
    * era de la informática, la = computer age, the.
    * experto en informática = computer expert.
    * formación en informática = computer literacy.
    * friki de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.
    * friqui de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.
    * informática a distancia = telecomputing.
    * informática aplicada a los museos = museum computing field.
    * informática caótica = chaotic computing.
    * informática documental = library computing, library computing field.
    * informática educativa = educational computing.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * microinformática = micro-informatics.
    * revistas de informática = computer press, the.
    * sala de informática = computer room, computer lab, computer laboratory.
    * servicio de informática = computing service.
    * * *
    femenino computer science, computing
    * * *
    = computer science, computing science, computing, computing field.

    Ex: The subject is an interdisciplinary one, with connections with computer science, the new media and the humanities and sciences generally.

    Ex: Although still wide, this definition excluded programmes in the computing science and information technology field designed for technologists.
    Ex: Developments in computing and telecommunication have brought about fundamental changes in worldwide business practices.
    Ex: The author summarises the subject coverage of the computing field, sources abstracted/indexed, content of the records and indexing practice.
    * acreditación en informática = computer driving licence.
    * acreditación europea en informática = European computer driving licence (ECDL).
    * aficionado a la informática = computer buff.
    * alfabetización en informática = computer literacy.
    * amante de la informática = computer buff.
    * aparato de informática del tamaño de la palma de la mano = palm computing device.
    * chiflado de la informática = computer geek.
    * con conocimiento de informática = computer literate [computer-literate].
    * conocimiento básicos de informática = computer literacy.
    * desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.
    * en la sala de informática = lab based [lab-based].
    * era de la informática, la = computer age, the.
    * experto en informática = computer expert.
    * formación en informática = computer literacy.
    * friki de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.
    * friqui de la informática = computer geek, computer whiz.
    * informática a distancia = telecomputing.
    * informática aplicada a los museos = museum computing field.
    * informática caótica = chaotic computing.
    * informática documental = library computing, library computing field.
    * informática educativa = educational computing.
    * la industria de la informática = computer industry.
    * microinformática = micro-informatics.
    * revistas de informática = computer press, the.
    * sala de informática = computer room, computer lab, computer laboratory.
    * servicio de informática = computing service.

    * * *
    computer science, computing
    * * *

     

    informática sustantivo femenino
    computer science, computing
    informático,-a
    I adjetivo computer, computing: es un programa informático muy novedoso, it's a very innovative computer programme
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino (computer) technician
    informática sustantivo femenino computing, information technology
    ' informática' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    era
    - seguir
    - campo
    - novedad
    - piratería
    English:
    computer science
    - computing
    - data processing
    - hacking
    - information technology
    - computer
    - depth
    - information
    * * *
    1. [tecnología] computing, information technology;
    el departamento de informática de una empresa the IT department of a company;
    la empresa va a invertir más en informática the company is going to invest more in computers;
    no sé nada de informática I don't know anything about computers;
    se requieren conocimientos de informática candidates should be computer-literate
    informática de gestión business computing
    2. [asignatura] computer science
    * * *
    f information technology
    I adj computer atr
    II m, informática f IT specialist
    * * *
    : computer science, computing
    * * *
    informática n computing / information technology

    Spanish-English dictionary > informática

  • 14 reunir

    v.
    1 to bring together.
    Ellos reunieron a muchos amigos They brought together many friends.
    2 to collect, to bring together.
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3 to meet, to fulfill (requisitos, condiciones).
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfills all the criteria for acceptance
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto he doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4 to put back together.
    5 to gather, to scrape together, to collect, to muster.
    Ellos reunieron dinero They gathered money.
    6 to assemble.
    Ellos reunieron a los miembros They assembled the members.
    7 to merge, to incorporate.
    Ellos reunieron a las empresas They merged the companies.
    8 to have, to muster, to meet.
    Ella reunía buenas cualidades She mustered good qualities.
    * * *
    (stressed ú in certain persons of certain tenses)
    Present Indicative
    reúno, reúnes, reúne, reunimos, reunís, reúnen.
    Present Subjunctive
    reúna, reúnas, reúna, reunamos, reunáis, reúnan.
    Imperative
    reúne (tú), reúna (él/Vd.), reunamos (nos.), reunid (vos.), reúnan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    1) to gather, collect
    3) join
    5) have
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=juntar) to join, join together
    2) (=recolectar) [+ cosas dispersas] to gather, gather together, get together; [+ datos] to collect, gather; [+ recursos] to pool; [+ colección] to assemble, make; [+ dinero] to collect; [+ fondos] to raise

    la producción de los demás países reunidos no alcanzará al nuestro — the production of the other countries put together will not come up to ours

    3) [+ personas] to bring together, get together
    4) [+ cualidades] to combine; [+ condiciones] to have, possess
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.
    Ex. In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.
    Ex. For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex. This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex. A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex. This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex. The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex. That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex. The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex. Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    ----
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) <cualidades/características> to have; < requisitos> to satisfy, meet
    2) < datos> to gather; <dinero/fondos> to raise; < información> to gather together, collect

    reunir pruebas — to gather o assemble evidence

    3) < personas>
    2.
    reunirse v pron consejo/junta to meet; amigos/parientes to get together
    * * *
    = assemble, bring together, compile, gather, pull together, put together, round up, unite, encapsulate, muster, bundle, gather together, pool, reunite [re-unite], band, draw together.

    Ex: In this case all the works of a given author will be assembled on the shelf under his/her name as well, so it is not really in conflict and I think there is a misinterpretation.

    Ex: For example, Recreation, previously dispersed over several main classes, is now brought together as a new main class, and Space Science has been added between Astronomy and the Earth Sciences.
    Ex: This system could be used by the booktrade for compiling second-hand book lists.
    Ex: A bibliography is a list of materials or items which is restricted in its coverage by some feature other than the materials being gathered in one library collection.
    Ex: This library decided to launch an attack on illiteracy by pulling together a variety of approaches to learning to read.
    Ex: The way in which this scheme is put together in book form often causes some confusion at first.
    Ex: That is, you can round up terminals if you have to very rapidly.
    Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex: The fundamental OOP technique is to encapsulate data with the operations/code that operate on that data into a single entity which is called an object.
    Ex: Obviously, the task will strain all the resources of mind and character that the nation can muster.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: If we wanted to gather everything on particular plants together under the general heading 'Horticulture,' we might change the above example to 635.9(582.675)65 to make the main facet the individual plant (in this case anemones), with environment (indoor...) a secondary feature.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: Divided collections are being reunited and bodies of material considered lost after World War 2 are resurfacing in Eastern Europe as well as in Germany.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: The application of the classification schemes, once constructed, involves synthesis, or the drawing together of the single concepts which are listed in the scheme from their different facets, in order to specify compound subjects.
    * que reúne las condiciones = qualified.
    * reunir dinero = raise + money.
    * reunir el dinero = muster (up) + the cash, come up with + the money.
    * reunir el efectivo = muster (up) + the cash.
    * reunir información = pool + information.
    * reunir las condiciones = fit + the bill.
    * reunir las condiciones para = qualify for.
    * reunir material = gather + material.
    * reunirse = get together, meet, convene, meet up, caucus.
    * reunirse de nuevo = reconvene.
    * reunir una serie de condiciones = meet + set of conditions.
    * volver a reunir = reassemble [re-assemble].
    * volverse a reunir = reconvene.

    * * *
    reunir [ I23 ]
    vt
    A (tener) ‹cualidades/características› to have
    los aspirantes deberán reunir los siguientes requisitos … candidates must satisfy o meet the following requirements …
    reúne todas las condiciones necesarias para el cargo he fulfills all the requirements for the position
    B (recoger, recolectar) ‹datos› to gather; ‹dinero/fondos› to raise
    ha logrado reunir una colección excepcional de sellos she has managed to build up an impressive stamp collection
    el volumen reúne varios artículos publicados recientemente por el autor the volume brings together o is a collection of several recently published articles by the author
    primero hay que reunir la información necesaria the first step is to gather together o collect o assemble all the necessary information
    reunir pruebas contra algn to gather o assemble evidence against sb
    C ‹personas›
    reunió a toda la familia en su casa she got all the family together at her house
    reunió a los jefes de sección he called a meeting of the heads of department, he called the heads of department together
    los reunió y les leyó el telegrama he called them together and read them the telegram
    «consejo/junta» to meet; «amigos/parientes» to get together
    hace años que no se reúne toda la familia it's years since the whole family got together
    se reunieron tras 20 años sin verse they met up again o got together again after 20 years
    reunirse CON algn:
    me reuní con él en Chicago I met up with him in Chicago
    se va a reunir con los representantes de la compañía en Alemania she's going to meet o have a meeting with o ( esp AmE) meet with the company's representatives in Germany
    * * *

     

    reunir ( conjugate reunir) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹cualidades/características› to have;
    ‹ requisitos› to satisfy, meet;
    ‹ condiciones› to fulfill, satisfy
    2 ‹ datos› to gather;
    ‹dinero/fondos› to raise;
    ‹ información› to gather together, collect
    3 ‹amigos/familia› to get … together;

    reunirse verbo pronominal [consejo/junta] to meet;
    [amigos/parientes] to get together;
    reunirse con algn ( encontrarse) to meet up with sb;
    ( tener una reunión) to have a meeting with sb, meet with sb (AmE)
    reunir verbo transitivo
    1 (juntar) to collect: si reúnes tres vales, te dan uno de regalo, if you collect three vouchers, they'll give you another one free
    (dinero) to raise
    (información) to gather
    (valor, fuerza) to muster (up)
    2 (congregar) to gather together: nos reunieron en una pequeña sala, they brought us together in a small room
    3 (cualidades, características) to have, possess
    (requisitos) to fulfil
    ' reunir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aunar
    - juntar
    - satisfacer
    - agrupar
    - requisito
    - reunido
    English:
    assemble
    - bill
    - gather
    - gather together
    - get together
    - muster
    - pool
    - put together
    - raise
    - rake together
    - rally
    - reassemble
    - reunite
    - round up
    - scrape together
    - scrape up
    - summon up
    - accumulate
    - collect
    - compile
    - get
    - marshal
    - meet
    - put
    - qualified
    - summon
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [juntar] [personas] to bring together;
    la fiesta de homenaje reunió a todos los amigos del artista the party in his honour brought all the artist's friends together
    2. [objetos, información] to collect, to bring together;
    [fondos] to raise;
    reunió una gran fortuna he amassed a large fortune
    3. [tener] [requisitos, condiciones] to meet, to fulfil;
    [cualidades] to possess, to combine;
    el plan reúne todas las condiciones para ser aceptado the plan meets o fulfils all the criteria for acceptance;
    no reúne los requisitos necesarios para el puesto she doesn't meet the requirements for the post
    4. [volver a unir] to put back together
    * * *
    v/t
    1 personas bring together;
    estar reunido be in a meeting
    2 requisitos meet, fulfill, Br
    fulfil
    3 datos gather (together)
    * * *
    reunir {68} vt
    1) : to unite, to join, to bring together
    2) : to have, to possess
    reunieron los requisitos necesarios: they fulfilled the necessary requirements
    3) : to gather, to collect, to raise (funds)
    * * *
    reunir vb
    1. (juntar personas) to get together / to call together
    2. (juntar cosas) to bring together [pt. & pp. brought]
    3. (dinero) to raise
    ¿cuánto dinero hemos reunido? how much money have we raised?
    4. (requisitos) to meet [pt. & pp. met] / to fulfil [pt. & pp. fulfilled]

    Spanish-English dictionary > reunir

  • 15 наука наук·а

    военная наука — military science, science of war / warfare

    естественные науки — natural / physical sciences

    2) (род занятий) study, learning

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > наука наук·а

  • 16 Philosophy

       And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)
       Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)
       As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)
       It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)
       Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)
       I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)
       What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.
       This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).
       The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....
       Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)
       8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science
       In the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)
       Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....
       Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)
       In his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy

  • 17 Олимпийский приз МОК за превосходство в спортивных науках

    1. IOC Olympic prize for excellence in sport sciences

     

    Олимпийский приз МОК за превосходство в спортивных науках
    Присуждаемый с 1996 года приз вручаетсякаждые два года по случаю Олимпийских игр. Этот приз был учрежден по настоянию Медицинской комиссии МОК и при финансовой поддержке фармацевтической компании«Parke Davis». Приз присуждается за важную работу, выполненную в области фундаментальных и прикладных исследований с долгосрочной целью оказывать поддержку наукам, имеющим отношение к движениям, упражнениям и спорту. Отдельные лица или организации, специализирующиеся в таких науках, как биология, медицина, физика, психология, и добившиеся значительных результатов в области медицины и спорта, могут претендовать на приз. Критериями, предъявляемыми экспертным международным жюри, являются качество, оригинальность и исключительность заявленных исследований. Приз, спонсируемый «Parke Davis» в размере 250 000 долларов США, вручается вместе с медалью и дипломом.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    IOC Olympic prize for excellence in sport sciences
    Presented for the first time in 1996 this prize is awarded every two years on the occasion of the Olympic Games. The IOC instituted this prize at the instigation of its Medical Commission with the generous support of the pharmaceutical company Parke Davis. It is awarded for important work carried out in the field of fundamental or applied research, with the long-term objective of supporting and encouraging science applied to human movement, exercise and sport. Individuals or organizations specializing in biological, medical, physical and psychological sciences who have done significant work in the fields of medicine and sports sciences may be eligible to receive this prize. The criteria applied by the expert international jury are the quality, originality and excellence of the research submitted. The award, endowed by Parke Davis with a sum of US$ 250,000, is accompanied by a medal and a diploma.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Олимпийский приз МОК за превосходство в спортивных науках

  • 18 madre

    f mother
    * * *
    madre s.f.
    1 mother; (di animale) mother, dam: essere madre, to be a mother; è madre di due bambini, she is a mother of two; diventare madre, to become a mother (o to bear a child o to give birth to a child); è il ritratto di sua madre, she is the image of her mother; mia madre non è in casa, mother isn't in; salutatemi vostra madre, say hallo to your mother (o form. give my regards to your mother); è stata per me una seconda madre, come una madre, she was like a mother to me; fare da madre a qlcu., to be a mother to s.o.; (a un adulto) to mother s.o.; madre di famiglia, mother (of a family); senza madre, motherless; madre adottiva, adoptive mother; la rese madre, he gave her a child // zio per parte di madre, maternal uncle // madre terra, la gran madre, la comune madre, mother earth (o the earth) // madre natura, Mother Nature // prima madre, antica madre, Eve (o our first mother) // Santa Madre Chiesa, Holy Mother Church // onora il padre e la madre, honour thy father and thy mother
    2 (fig.) (origine, causa) mother, cause: la teologia era considerata la madre di tutte le scienze, theology was considered the mother of all sciences
    3 (eccl.) Mother: madre superiora, Mother Superior; reverenda madre, Reverend Mother; madre badessa, Abbess
    4 (anat.) mater: dura, pia madre, dura, pia mater
    5 (biochim.) madre dell'aceto, mother of vinegar
    6 (comm.) (matrice) counterfoil; stub: una ricevuta a madre e figlia, a counterfoil receipt; la madre di un assegno, the stub of a cheque
    ◆ agg.
    1 mother (attr.): ragazza madre, unmarried mother; regina madre, Queen Mother
    2 (fig.) (che costituisce l'origine) mother (attr.); original, fundamental: idea madre, fundamental idea; teoria madre, original (o basic) theory // lingua madre, mother tongue // chiesa madre, mother church // (comm.) casa madre, head office (o parent company); (di ordini religiosi) mother house // (teatr.) scena madre, crucial scene; fare una scena madre per qlco., to make a song and dance about sthg. // (chim.) acqua madre, mother water (o liquor o lye) // (mecc.) vite madre, (del tornio) lead screw.
    * * *
    ['madre]
    1. sf

    la madre di tutte... fig — the mother of all...

    2. agg inv
    mother attr
    * * *
    ['madre] 1.
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (genitrice) mother

    diventare madre — to become a mother, to give birth to a child

    da o per parte di madre on one's mother's side; i cuccioli e la loro madre — the puppies and their mother

    2) relig.
    3) (matrice) stub
    2.

    cellula madre — biol. parent cell

    •
    ••
    * * *
    madre
    /'madre/
    I sostantivo f.
     1 (genitrice) mother; è madre di tre bambini she is the mother of three (children); diventare madre to become a mother, to give birth to a child; da o per parte di madre on one's mother's side; i cuccioli e la loro madre the puppies and their mother
     2 relig. madre badessa Mother Abbess; madre superiora Mother Superior
     3 (matrice) stub
     1 (che ha figli) ragazza madre single mother; regina madre queen mother
     2 fig. (che costituisce l'origine) lingua madre mother tongue; cellula madre biol. parent cell; scheda madre motherboard
    fare una scena madre to make a song and dance o a scene
    \
    madre dell'aceto mother (of vinegar); madre di Dio Mother of God; madre di famiglia mother; madre natura Mother Nature; madre patria →  madrepatria; madre terra mother earth.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > madre

  • 19 Science

       It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)
       One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)
       Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)
       A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)
       [Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]
       I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)
       If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)
       Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)
       The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)
       The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)
       The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)
       Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)
       Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)
       This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)
       Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science

  • 20 fondamental

    fɔ̃damɑ̃tal
    adj
    wesentlich, grundlegend, fundamental
    fondamental
    fondamental [fõdamãtal] <- aux>
    Grundton masculin
    ————————
    fondamental
    fondamental (e) [fõdamãtal, -o]
    1 grundlegend; élément, propriété, loi Grund-; opération Haupt-
    2 (essentiel) wesentlich
    4 musique son, accord Grund-; fréquence Haupt-
    5 linguistique Beispiel: l'allemand fondamental der deutsche Grundwortschatz

    Dictionnaire Français-Allemand > fondamental

Страницы
  • 1
  • 2

См. также в других словарях:

  • Academy of Fundamental Sciences — The Academy of Fundamental Sciences (full name – Non Commercial Establishment of the Organizmica Academy of Fundamental Sciences, the national main registration number 1057746864196) was established in May 2005 [ [http://www.organizmica.org/ustav …   Wikipedia

  • Fundamental science — is the part of science that describes the most basic objects, forces, relations between them and laws governing them, such that all other phenomena may be in principle derived from them, following the logic of scientific reductionism. There is a… …   Wikipedia

  • Fundamental attribution error — In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect) describes the tendency to over value dispositional or personality based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while… …   Wikipedia

  • Fundamental theorem of algebra — In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of algebra states that every non constant single variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. Equivalently, the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.Sometimes,… …   Wikipedia

  • Fundamental Law of Vatican City State — Vatican City State This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Vatican City State Fundamental Law Pope …   Wikipedia

  • fundamental theorem of calculus — Basic principle of calculus. It relates the derivative to the integral and provides the principal method for evaluating definite integrals (see differential calculus; integral calculus). In brief, it states that any function that is continuous… …   Universalium

  • National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine — Coordinates: 50°26′41.59″N 30°30′45.07″E / 50.4448861°N 30.5125194°E / 50.4448861; 30.5125194 …   Wikipedia

  • Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon — Infobox University name = INSA Lyon (National Institute for Applied Sciences) motto = established = 1957 type = Public president = Alain Storck chancellor = provost = city = Lyon state = France students = 4800 postgrad = faculty = campus = La… …   Wikipedia

  • Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Rennes — Infobox University name = INSA Rennes (National Institute for Applied Sciences) motto = established = 1966 type = Public president = Alain Jigorel chancellor = provost = city = Rennes state = France students = 1400 postgrad = faculty = campus =… …   Wikipedia

  • Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics       Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity.       Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …   Universalium

  • Exact sciences (The) in Hellenistic times: texts and issues — The exact sciences in Hellenistic times: Texts and issues1 Alan C.Bowen Modern scholars often rely on the history of Greco Latin science2 as a backdrop and support for interpreting past philosophical thought. Their warrant is the practice… …   History of philosophy

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»